LeetCode in Kotlin

2232. Minimize Result by Adding Parentheses to Expression

Medium

You are given a 0-indexed string expression of the form "<num1>+<num2>" where <num1> and <num2> represent positive integers.

Add a pair of parentheses to expression such that after the addition of parentheses, expression is a valid mathematical expression and evaluates to the smallest possible value. The left parenthesis must be added to the left of '+' and the right parenthesis must be added to the right of '+'.

Return expression after adding a pair of parentheses such that expression evaluates to the smallest possible value. If there are multiple answers that yield the same result, return any of them.

The input has been generated such that the original value of expression, and the value of expression after adding any pair of parentheses that meets the requirements fits within a signed 32-bit integer.

Example 1:

Input: expression = “247+38”

Output: “2(47+38)”

Explanation: The expression evaluates to 2 * (47 + 38) = 2 * 85 = 170.

Note that “2(4)7+38” is invalid because the right parenthesis must be to the right of the '+'.

It can be shown that 170 is the smallest possible value.

Example 2:

Input: expression = “12+34”

Output: “1(2+3)4”

Explanation: The expression evaluates to 1 * (2 + 3) * 4 = 1 * 5 * 4 = 20.

Example 3:

Input: expression = “999+999”

Output: “(999+999)”

Explanation: The expression evaluates to 999 + 999 = 1998.

Constraints:

• 3 <= expression.length <= 10
• expression consists of digits from '1' to '9' and '+'.
• expression starts and ends with digits.
• expression contains exactly one '+'.
• The original value of expression, and the value of expression after adding any pair of parentheses that meets the requirements fits within a signed 32-bit integer.

Solution

class Solution {
    // Variables for final solution, to avoid create combination Strings
    private var currentLeft = 0
    private var currentRight = 0
    private var currentMin = Int.MAX_VALUE
    fun minimizeResult(expression: String): String {
        // Identify our starting point, to apply the expansion technique
        val plusIndex = expression.indexOf("+")
        // We start expanding from the first values to the left and right of the center (plus sign).
        expand(plusIndex - 1, plusIndex + 1, expression)
        // Build the final String. We add the parentheses to our expression in the already
        // calculated indices, defined as global variables.
        val stringBuilder = StringBuilder()
        for (i in 0 until expression.length) {
            if (i == currentLeft) {
                stringBuilder.append('(')
            }
            stringBuilder.append(expression[i])
            if (i == currentRight) {
                stringBuilder.append(')')
            }
        }
        return stringBuilder.toString()
    }

    // With this function, we calculate all possible combinations of parentheses from two pointers,
    // left and right.
    private fun expand(left: Int, right: Int, expression: String) {
        if (left < 0 || right >= expression.length) {
            return
        }
        // from zero to first parentheses
        val a = evaluate(0, left, expression)
        // from first parentheses to right parentheses (+1 means inclusive)
        val b = evaluate(left, right + 1, expression)
        // from right parentheses to the end of expression (+1 means inclusive)
        val c = evaluate(right + 1, expression.length, expression)
        // If the expression a * b * c is less than our current minimum
        // this is our solution, we replace the variables with these new values.
        if (a * b * c < currentMin) {
            currentMin = a * b * c
            currentLeft = left
            currentRight = right
        }
        // Move parentheses left only
        expand(left - 1, right, expression)
        // Move parentheses right only
        expand(left, right + 1, expression)
        // Move parentheses left and right
        expand(left - 1, right + 1, expression)
    }

    /* This function is responsible for calculating the expressions of each variable.

    a = (0, left) // from the start of the expression to the first parentheses
    b = (left, right) // between parentheses, include plus sign
    c = (right, end of expression) // from the last parentheses to the end
    */
    private fun evaluate(left: Int, right: Int, expression: String): Int {
        // This means that the parentheses are at the beginning or end of the expression and are
        // equal to the range of the expression to be evaluated. Return 1 to avoid zero factors in
        // equation (a * b * c).
        if (left == right) {
            return 1
        }
        var number = 0
        for (i in left until right) {
            // If we find a sign, we must add both parts, therefore, we convert the expression to (a
            // + b).
            // We return the variable (a) wich is (number) and add to what follows after the sign (i
            // + 1).
            // We call the same function to calculate the b value.
            number = if (expression[i] == '+') {
                return number + evaluate(i + 1, right, expression)
            } else {
                number * 10 + (expression[i].code - '0'.code)
            }
        }
        return number
    }
}

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